This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. When designing filters, engineers very often need to know what the filtered value at the output will be. This is ...

This analytical and graphical technique allows engineers to determine, in closed form, the output of an RC filter driven by a PWM pulse train. It is based on the principle that current and voltage ...

Hardware-design engineers have long recognized the usefulness of RC lowpass filters (Figure 1). Lowpass filters are useful for performing signal conditioning, removing noise from a signal, or ...

Active filters are ubiquitous in electronic design today, performing signal-frequency manipulation and conditioning for audio, IF (intermediate frequency), and digital-signal processing. The success ...