Wetlands like freshwater ponds, swamps, and marshes are excellent natural water purifiers. They are also uniquely equipped to improve water clarity and quality through the removal of kicked-up ...

Figure 1: Relationship between nitrogen level, hydrologic flow pattern and plant species and bioenergy productivity in constructed wetlands. Figure 2: Comparison of energy input, energy output, NEB ...

Use of constructed wetlands designed for wastewater treatment is becoming common throughout the world. Oxidation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) may be increased by transport of oxygen $({\rm O}_{2})$ ...

Although constructed wetland treatment systems have been used in a variety of applications, uncertainty in adequately determining flow conditions or hydraulic residence times ("hydraulic efficiencies" ...