For hundreds of millions of years, Earth’s climate has warmed and cooled with natural fluctuations in the level of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere. Over the past century, humans have pushed CO₂ ...

What makes a mountain grow, and what keeps it from reaching unimaginable heights? Mount Everest, rising 8,848.86 metres above sea level, offers a case study in the interplay of tectonics, erosion, ...

Scientists have come up with a new classification scheme for mountain belts that uses just a single number to describe whether the elevation of the mountain belt is controlled mainly by weathering and ...

Climate, tectonics and time combine to create powerful forces that craft the face of our planet. Add the gradual sculpting of the Earth’s surface by rivers and what to us seems solid as rock is ...

Landscape evolution represents the dynamic interplay between tectonic forces, climate, and surface processes that continuously reshape the Earth’s topography. Central to this evolution is the ...

Tectonic processes related to the sudden acceleration in seafloor spreading in the Tasman Sea during this period led to the abrupt sea level drop along southwest Australian coast, and therefore, ...

Earth’s landscape has always been in flux. But most large-scale changes take far longer to manifest than we’ll ever witness in our lifetimes. Hundreds of millions of years had to pass for the ...

The most pronounced topographic features on Earth are large collisional mountain belts such as the European Alps, Himalayas, Andes, and Southern Alps of New Zealand. While it is well known that these ...