Hyperrelexic, overactive or spastic bladder or bowels occur with spinal cord injury at or above T12. The primary characteristic of this type of injury is increased organ spasms. The UMN bladder may ...

Medically reviewed by Brigid Dwyer, MD Key Takeaways Clonus causes involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions when a muscle is stretched.It is often observed in conditions like multiple sclerosis, ...

Medically reviewed by Nicholas R. Metrus, MD Key Takeaways Neurons are cells that transmit electrical signals through the ...