Flow reversal in piping systems can degrade equipment performance and cause significant water hammer, potentially resulting in catastrophic failure. Power plant condenser cooling water systems—or ...

In general, the energy consumption of commercial HVAC systems represents a significant portion of the overall building energy consumption. Within an HVAC system, typically, the chilled water and ...

Equipment for gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry is complex, with multiple subsystems that control the flow of sample analyte, carrier gas and solvent fluids. The ...